leadership and management :: essays research papers

The Functions of managementHenri Fayol first person to come up with a list of functions or elements of managementPlanning setting objectives and also strategies, policies, programmes and procedures for achieving them.Organising managers set tasks which need to be preformed if the business wants to achieve its objectives.Commanding this involves giving instructions to subordinates to carry out tasks. The manager has the power to make decisions.Co-ordinating this is the shoot downing together of the activities of people within the business.Controlling managers measure and correct the activities of individuals and groups, to make sure that their performance fits in with plans.The management process light beam Drucker grouped the operations of management into five categoriesSetting objectives for the organisationJob measurement assessing whether the business has met its objectivesOrganising the workMotivating employeesDeveloping people the management should bring out the bes t in peopleFour styles of managementAutocratic orders come form the top, and no leeway is allowedDemocratic less centralised, give lieu for initiativeLaissez faire arises from over worked or lazy management, staff is left to their own devicesPaternalistic decision making is still centralised but a noted attention and care for staffMcGregors opening X & YDouglas McGregor undertook a survey of managers in the USA and identified two styles of management, which he called Theory X and Theory Y.Theory X managers tend to distrust their subordinates they believe employees do not enjoy their work and that need to be controlled. Theory X is about the views managers have on their workforce.Theory Y managers believe that employees do enjoy their work and they want to contribute ideas and effort. Theory Y manager is more than likely to involve employees in decisionsWhy do expireer adopt different styles?Fiedler argued that it is easier to change someones role or power, or to character ize the job he has to do, than to change his leadership style. He found that it is difficult for people to change their leadership styles an autocrat will always lead in n autocratic style. Fiedler suggested that a business should attempt what he called leadership match to find a leader to fit the situation. Leader understructure either be task orientated or relationship orientatedHersey and Blanchard argued that a leaders strategy should not only take depend of the situation, but also the maturity of those who are led. A leader will have task behaviour or relationship behaviour.