Euroland food Essay Example for Free

Euroland nutrient EssayIn early January 2001, the senior- counsel committee of Euroland Foods was to meet to draw up the strongs chapiter budget for the unexampled year. Up for consideration were 11 major put ups that totaled more(prenominal) than 316 jillion. Unfortunately, the circuit card of directors had chatterd a spending limit on working capital go steadys of only 120 zillion even so, investiture at that rate would represent a major increase in the firms authentic asset base of 965 million. Thus, the ch entirelyenge for the senior managers of Euroland Foods was to allocate funds among a range of compelling finds current-product introduction, acquisition, market expansion, efficiency melioratements, preventive maintenance, safety, and taint control. The Comp bothEuroland Foods, headquartered in capital of Belgium, Belgium, was a multinational producer of high-quality ice picking, yogurt, bottled water, and fruit juices. Its products were sold throughout S candinavia, Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, western Germany, and northern France. (See Exhibit 1 for a social function of the partnerships merchandising region.) The keep conjunction was founded in 1924 by Theo verdin, a Belgian farmer, as an offshoot of his dairy business. Through keen attention to product development and designing marketing, the business grew steadily over the days. The participation went public in 1979, and, by 1993, was listed for trading on the London, Frankfurt, and Brussels exchanges. In 2000, Euroland Foods had gross revenue of almost 1.6 billion.Ice balm accounted for 60 percent of the confederations revenue yogurt, which was introduced in 1982, contri scarceed about 20 percent. The remaining 20 percent of sales was divided equally amid bottled water and fruit juices. Euroland Foods flagship defacement name was Rolly, which was represented by a fat dancing bear in farmers clothing. Ice cream, the companys rangeing product, had a l oyal base of customers who sought out its high- howeverterfat content, large chunks of chocolate, fruit, and nuts, and wide range of original flavors.This case was prepared by Casey Opitz and Robert F. Bruner and draws authoritative elements from an antecedent case by them. All names are fictitious. The financial support of the Batten Institute is gratefully acknowledged. The case was written as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation.Copyright 2001 by the University of Virginia Darden School Foundation, Charlottesville, VA. All rights reserved. To battle array copies, send an e-mail to emailprotected No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or inherited in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other(a)wisewithout the permission of the Darden School Foundation.Euroland Foods sales had been static since 1 998 (see Exhibit 2), which direction attri yeted to low population growth in northern Europe and market saturation in some areas. Outside observers, however, faulted youthful failures in new-product introductions. Most members of management wanted to expand the companys market presence and introduce more new products to boost sales. These managers hoped that increased market presence and sales would improve the companys market value. Euroland Foods stock was currently at 14 times earnings, just infra book value. This price/earnings ratio was below the trading multiples of comparable companies, and it gave little value to the companys brands.Resource AllocationThe capital budget at Euroland Foods was prepared annually by a committee of senior managers, who then presented it for approval to the board of directors. The committee consisted of five managing directors, the prsident directeur-gnral (PDG), and the finance director. Typically, the PDG solicited investment proposals from t he managing directors. The proposals included a brief project description, a financial analysis, and a discussionof strategic or other qualitative considerations.As a matter of policy, investment proposals at Euroland Foods were subject to both financial tests, payback and internal rate of retrograde (IRR). The tests, or hurdles, had been established in 1999 by the management committee and varied according to the type of project MinimumIn January 2001, the estimated weighted-average personify of capital (WACC) for Euroland Foods was 10.6 percent. In describing the capital-budgeting process, the finance director, Trudi Lauf, said, We use the sliding scale of IRR tests as a way of recognizing differences in risk among the dissimilar types of projects. Where the company takes more risk, we should earn more return. The payback test guides that we are not prepared to wait for long to achieve that return.Ownership and the Sentiment of Creditors and Investors Euroland Foods 12-member board of directors included three members of the Verdin family, four members of management, and five outdoors directors who were prominent managers or public figures in northern Europe. Members of the Verdin family combined owned 20 percent of Euroland Foods shares outstanding, and company executives combined owned 10 percent of the shares.Venus Asset Management, a mutual-fund management company in London, held 12 percent. Banque du Bruges et des Pays Bas held 9 percent and had one representative on the board of directors. The remaining 49 percent of the firms shares were widely held. The firms shares traded in Brussels and Frankfurt.At a debt-to-equity ratio of 125 percent, Euroland Foods was leveraged much more highly than its peers in the European consumer-foods industry. Management had relied on debt financing significantly in the away few geezerhood to sustain the firms capital spending and dividends during a occlusion of price wars initiated by Euroland. Now, with the pri ce wars finished, Eurolands bankers (led by Banque du Bruges) powerfully urged an aggressive program of debt reduction. In any event, they were not prepared to finance increases in leverage beyond the current level.The president of Banque du Bruges had remarked at a recent board meeting, Restoring some strength to the right-hand side of the balance sheet should now be a first priority. Any expansion of assets should be financed from the property flow after debt amortization until the debt ratio returns to a more prudent level. If there are crucial investments that cannot be funded this way, then we should cut the dividendAt a price-to-earnings ratio of 14 times, shares of Euroland Foods common stock were priced below the average multiples of peer companies and the average multiples of all companies on the exchanges where Euroland Foods was traded. This was attributable to the recent price wars, which had suppressed the companys profitability, and to the well-known recent failure of the company to seize significant market share with a new product line of flavored mineral water. Since January 2000, all the major securities houses had been issuing sell recommendations to investors in Euroland Foods shares.Venus Asset Management had quietly accumulated shares during this period, however, in the expectation of a turnaround in the firms performance. At the most recent board meeting, the senior managing director of Venus gave a presentation in which he said, Cutting the dividend is unthinkable, as it would signal a lack of faith in your own future. Selling new shares of stock at this depressed price level is also unthinkable, as it would impose unacceptable dilution on your current shareholders. Your equity investors expect an improvement in performance.If that improvement is not forthcoming, or worse, if investors hopes are dashed, your shares might fall into the hands of raiders wish Carlo de Benedetti or the Flick brothers.1 At the conclusion of the most recent meeting of the directors, the board voted unanimously to limit capital spending in 2001 to 120 million.Members of the Senior-Management charge Seven senior managers of Euroland Foods would prepare the capital budget. For consideration, each project had to be sponsored by one of the managers present. Usually the decision process included a period of discussion followed by a vote on two to four alternate(a) capital budgets.The various executives were well known to each other Wilhelmina Verdin (Belgian), PDG, age 57. Granddaughter of the founder and spokesperson on the board of directors for the Verdin familys interests. Worked for the company her entire career, with significant experience in brand management. Elected European Marketer of the Year in 1982 for advantagefully introducing low-fat yogurt and ice cream, the first major roll-out of this type of product.Eager to position the company for long-term growth but cautious in the wake of recent difficulties. Trudi Lauf (Swiss), finance director, age 51. Hired from Nestl in 1995 to modernize financial controls and systems. Had been a vocal proponent of reducing leverage on the balance sheet. Also had voiced the concerns and frustrations of stockholders. Heinz K radio link (German), managing director for Distribution, age 49. Oversaw the transportation, warehousing, and order-fulfillment activities in the company.Spoilage, transport costs, stock-outs, and control systems were perennial challenges. Maarten Leyden (Dutch), managing director for Production and Purchasing, age 59. Managed production operations at the companys 14 corrects. Engineer by training. Tough negotiator, especially with unions and suppliers. A fanatic about production-cost control. Had voiced doubts about the sincerity of creditors and investors commission to the firm.Marco Ponti (Italian), managing director for Sales, age 45. Oversaw the field sales force of 250 representatives and planned changes in geographical sales coverage. The mo st vocal proponent of rapid expansion on the senior-management committee. Saw several opportunities for ways to improve geographical positioning. Hired from Unilever in 1993 to revitalize the sales organization, which he successfully accomplished.De Benedetti of Milan and the Flick brothers of Munich were leaders of prominent hostile-takeover attempts in recent years.Fabienne Morin (French), managing director for Marketing, age 41. Responsible for marketing research, new-product development, advertising, and, in superior general, brand management. The primary advocate of the recent price war, which, although financially difficult, realized solid gains in market share. Perceived a window of opportunity for product and market expansion and tended to support growth-oriented projects. Nigel Humbolt (British), managing director for Strategic Planning, age 47. Hired two years previously from a well-known consulting firm to set up a strategic-planning staff for Euroland Foods.Known for as king difficult and challenging questions about Eurolands warmness business, its maturity, and profitability. Supported initiatives aimed at growth and market share. Had presented the most aggressive proposals in 2000, none of which were accepted. Becoming frustrated with what he perceived to be his lack of curve in the organization.Humbolt, Strategic Planning1. Replacement and expansion of the truck fleet. Heinz Klink proposed to purchase 100 new refrigerated tractor-trailer trucks, 50 each in 2001 and 2002. By doing so, the company could sell 60 old, fully depreciated trucks over the two years for a total of 4.05 million. The purchase would expand the fleet by 40 trucks within two years. Each of the new trailers would be larger than the old trailers and afford a 15 percent increase in cubic meters of goods hauled on each trip. The new tractors would also be more fuel and maintenance efficient.The increase in number of trucks would permit more flexible scheduling and more efficien t routing and military service of the fleet than at present and would cut delivery times and, therefore, possibly inventories. It would also allow more frequent deliveries to the companys major markets, which would undertake the loss of sales caused by stock-outs. Finally, expanding the fleet would support geographical expansion over the long term.As shown in Exhibit 3, the total net investment in trucks of 30 million and the increase in working capital to support added maintenance, fuel, payroll, and inventories of 3 million was expected to yield total cost savings and added sales potential of 11.6 million over the next seven years. The resulting IRR was estimated to be 7.8 percent, marginally below the minimum 8 percent inevitable return on efficiency projects. Some of the managers wondered if this project would be more properly classified as efficiency than expansion. 2.A new coiffe. Maarten Leyden noted that Euroland Foods yogurt and ice-cream sales in the southeastern regio n of the companys market were about to exceed the capacity of its Melun, France, manufacturing and packaging plant. At present, some of the demand was being met by shipments from the companys newest, most efficient rapidness, located in Strasbourg, France. Shipping costs over that distance were high, however, and some sales were undoubtedly being lost when the marketing effort could not be supported by delivery. Leyden proposed that a new manufacturing and packaging plant be built in Dijon, France, just at the current southern edge of Euroland Foods marketing region, to take the burden off the Melun and Strasbourg plants. The cost of this plant would be 37.5 million and would entail 7.5 million for working capital.The 21 million worth of equipment would be amortized over 7 years, and the plant over 10 years. Through an increase in sales and depreciation, and the decrease in delivery costs, the plant was expected to yield after-tax property flows totaling 35.6 million and an IRR of 11.3 percent over the next 10 years. This project would be classified as a market extension. 3. elaboration of a plant. In addition to the wish for greater production capacity in Euroland Foods southeastern region, its Nuremberg, Germany, plant had reached full capacity. This situation made the scheduling of mo equipment maintenance difficult, which, in turn, created production scheduling and deadline problems.This plant was one of two highly automated facilities that produced Euroland Foods entire line of bottled water, mineral water, and fruit juices. The Nuremberg plant supplied primeval and western Europe. (The other plant, near Copenhagen, Denmark, supplied Euroland Foods northern European markets.) The Nuremberg plants capacity could be spread out by 20 percent for 15 million. The equipment (10.5 million) would be depreciated over 7 years, and the plant over 10 years. The increased capacity was expected to result in additional production of up to 2.25 million a year, yiel ding an IRR of 11.2 percent.This project would be classified as a market extension. 4. Development and roll-out of snack foods. Fabienne Morin suggested that the company use the excess capacity at its Antwerp spice- and nut-processing facility to produce a line of dried fruits to be test-marketed in Belgium, Britain, and the Netherlands. She noted the strength of the Rolly brand in those countries and the success of other food and beverage companies that had expanded into snack-food production. She argued that Euroland Foods reputation for wholesome, quality products would be enhanced by a line of dried fruits and that name association with the new product would probably even lead to increased sales of the companys other products among health-conscious consumers.Equipment and working-capital investments were expected to total 22.5 million and 4.5 million, respectively, for this project. The equipment would be depreciated over seven years. Assuming the test market was successful, cas h flows from the project would be able to support further plant expansions in other strategic locations. The IRR was expected to be 13.4 percent, slightly above the required return of 12 percent for new-product projects. 5. Plant automation and conveyer systems. Maarten Leyden also requested 21 million to increase automation of the production lines at six of the companys older plants. The result would be improved throughput speed and reduced accidents, spillage, and production tie-ups. The last two plants the company had built included conveyer systems that eliminated the unavoidableness for any heavy lifting by employees.The systems reduced the chance of injury by employees at the six older plants, the company had sustained an average of 223 missed-worker-days per year per plant in the last two years because of muscle injuries sustained in heavy lifting. At an average hourly total compensation rate of 14.00 an hour, more than 150,000 a year were thus lost, and the possibility alwa ys existed of more-serious injuries and lawsuits.Overall, cost savings and depreciation totaling 4.13 million a year for the project were expected to yield an IRR of 8.7 percent. This project would be classed in the efficiency crime syndicate. 6. Effluent-water treatment at four plants. Euroland Foods preprocessed a variety of fresh fruits at its Melun and Strasbourg plants. One of the first stages of processing bear upond make clean the fruit to remove dirt and pesticides.The dirty water was simply sent down the drain and into the Seine or Rhine Rivers. Recent European Community directives called for any wastewater containing even slight traces of poisonous chemicals to be treated at the sources, and gave companies four years to comply. As an environmentally oriented project, this proposal fell outside the normal financial tests of project attractiveness.Leyden noted, however, that the water-treatment equipment could be purchased today for 6 million he speculated that the same eq uipment would cost 15 million in four years when immediate conversion became mandatory. In the intervening time, the company would run the risks that European Community regulators would shorten the compliance time or that the companys pollution record would become public and impair the image of the company in the eyes of the consumer. This project would be classed in the environmental category.7 and 8. Market expansions due south and eastward. Marco Ponti recommended that the company expand its market southward to include southern France,Switzerland, Italy, and Spain, and/or eastward to include eastern Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Austria. He believed the time was right to expand sales of ice cream, and perhaps yogurt, geographically. In theory, the company could sustain expansions in both directions simultaneously, but practically, Ponti doubted that the sales and dissemination organizations could sustain both expansions at once.Each alternative geographical expansion had its benefits and risks. If the company expanded eastward, it could reach a large population with a great appetite for frozen dairy products, but it would also face more competition from local and regional ice-cream manufacturers. Moreover, consumers in eastern Germany, Poland, and Czechoslovakia did not have the purchasing power that consumers did to the south.The eastward expansion would have to be supplied from plants in Nuremberg, Strasbourg, and Hamburg. Looking southward, the tables were turned more purchasing power and less competition but also a baseer consumer appetite for ice cream and yogurt. A southward expansion would require building consumer demand for premium-quality yogurt and ice cream. If neither of the plant proposals (i.e., proposals 2 and 3) was accepted, then the southward expansion would need to be supplied from plants in Melun, Strasbourg, and Rouen.The initial cost of either proposal was 30 million of working capital. The bulk of this projects costs was exp ected to involve the financing of distributorships, but over the 10-year forecast period, the distributors would gradually take over the burden of carrying receivables and inventory. Both expansion proposals assumed the rental of suitable warehouse and distribution facilities. The after-tax cash flows were expected to total 56.3 million for southward expansion and 48.8 million for eastward expansion.Marco Ponti pointed out that southward expansion meant a higher possible IRR but that moving eastward was a less risky proposition. The projected IRRs were 21.4 percent and 18.8 percent for southern and eastern expansion, respectively. These projects would be classed in the market-extension category.9. Development and introduction of new artificially sweetened yogurt and ice cream. Fabienne Morin noted that recent developments in the synthesis of artificial sweeteners were showing promise of significant cost savings to food and beverage producers as well as stimulating growing demand for low-calorie products. The challenge was to create the right flavor to complement or enhance the other ingredients.For ice-cream manufacturers, the difficulty lay in creating a balance that would result in the same flavor as was obtained when using natural sweeteners artificial sweeteners might, of course, create a superior taste. In addition, 27 million would be needed to commercialize a yogurt line that had received promising results in laboratory tests. This cost included acquiring specialized production facilities, working capital, and the cost of the initial product introduction. The overall IRR was estimated to be 20.5 percent.Morin stressed that the proposal, although highly uncertain in call of actual results, could be viewed as a means of protecting present market share, because other high-quality-icecream producers carrying out the same research might introduce these products if the Rolly brand did not carry an artificially sweetened line and its competitors did, the Roll y brand might suffer. Morin also noted the parallels between innovating with artificial sweeteners and the companys past success in introducing low-fat products. This project would be classed in the new-product category of investments.10. Networked, computer-based inventory-control system for warehouses and field representatives. Heinz Klink had pressed unsuccessfully for three years for a state-of-the-art computer-based inventory-control system that would link field sales representatives, distributors, drivers, warehouses, and possibly even retailers. The benefits of such a system would be shorter delays in ordering and order processing, better control of inventory, reduction of spoilage, and high-speed recognition of changes in demand at the customer level. Klink was reluctant to quantify these benefits, because they could range between modest and quite large amounts.This year, for the first time, he presented a cash-flow forecast, however, that reflected an initial outlay of 18 million for the system, followed by 4.5 million in the next year for ancillary equipment. The inflows reflected depreciation tax shields, tax credits, cost reductions in warehousing, and reduced inventory. He forecast these benefits to last for only three years. Even so, the projects IRR was estimated to be 16.2 percent. This project would be classed in the efficiency category of proposals.11. Acquisition of a leading schnapps2 brand and associated facilities. Nigel Humbolt had advocated making diversifying acquisitions in an effort to move beyond the companys mature core business but doing so in a way that exploited the companys skills in brand management. He had explored six possible related industries in the general field of consumer packaged goods, and determined that cordials and liqueurs offered unusual opportunities for real growth and, at the same time, market protection through branding.He had identified four small producers of well-established brands of liqueurs as acquisi tion candidates. Following exploratory talks with each, he had determined that only one company could be purchased in the near future, namely, the leading one-on-one European manufacturer of schnapps, located in Munich. The proposal was expensive 25 million to buy the company and 30 million to renovate the companys facilities completely while simultaneously expanding distribution to new geographical markets. The expected returns were high after-tax cash flows were projected to be 198.5 million, yielding an IRR of 27.5 percent. This project would be classed in the newproduct category of proposals.ConclusionEach member of the management committee was expected to come to the meeting prepared to present and defend a proposal for the allocation of EurolandFoods caital budget of 120 million. Exhibit 3 summarizes the various projects in terms of their free cash flows and the investment-performance criteria.Any of various strong dry liquors, such as a strong Dutch gin. Definition borrowed from American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed.UVA-F-1356Exhibit 1EUROLAND FOODS S.A.Nations Where Euroland CompetedNote The shaded area in this map reveals the principal distribution region of Eurolands products. Important facilities are indicated by the following figures 1The effluent treatment program is not included in this exhibit. The equivalent annuity of a project is that level annual payment that yields a net present value equal to the NPV at the minimum required rate of return for that project. Annuity corrects for differences in duration among various projects. In ranking projects on the basis of equivalent annuity, bigger annuities create more investor wealth than smaller annuities.This reflects 16.5 million spent both initially and at the end of year 1. 4Free cash flow = incremental profit or cost savings after taxes + depreciation investment in fixed assets and working capital.Franchisees would gradually take over the burden of carrying receivables and inventory. 625 million would be spent in the first year, 30 million in the second, and 5 million in the third. 2View as multi-pages

Overseas Students Participate in Cultural Activities Essay Example for Free

Overseas Students Participate in Cultural Activities EssayCultural activities are activities where people spend their leisure time attending pagan venues and events. For example, cultural activities include going to art galleries, museums, libraries, operas, concerts and the cinema. People want to get feelings of well-being and obtain more knowledge by participating in cultural activities.Participation in cultural activities influences the development of students in many aspects, such as for fun and knowledge. The involvement of students in cultural activities dirty dog help them develop a well-rounded education. For overseas students in Australia, participating in native cultural activities can also help them reduce culture shock and provide a better way for students to understand more information concerning the history, customs and beliefs in Australia. In a survey concerned with participation in cultural activities among Australian people, it was found that about 85% of t he Australian people who aged over 15 years old participated in at least one of cultural activity during the 12 months in 2005-06 (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (ABS) (2007). Going to the cinema was the most pop activity which had the highest percentages at 65% of people. Going to zoological parks and aquariums were the two second most common activities, at 36% libraries and botanic gardens were at 34% (ABS, 2007). In addition, the same study found that people with higher educational background had considerably higher attendance rates than people with lower educational attainment at art galleries, museums, zoological parks and aquariums, libraries, popular music concerts, other performing arts and the cinema. Moreover, in previous research, it was found that about 25% of respondents went to the library over 20 times during the year. (ABS, 2007).However, little research has been done to compare differences in participation in cultural activities between overseas students in Austr alia and Australian people. The aim of this research is to find out whether overseas students cultural activity behaviors were similar to Australians.MethodologyThis research was carried out in Navitas English voice communication school on 10th December 2010, and was concerned about the participation in cultural activities of overseas students. Data were collected through questionnaires in the school. The participants consisted of 50 overseas students (25 males and 25 females), who were aged between 18-24 and 25-34, just one person was over 35. The majority of the sample were Chinese other subjects were from Thailand, Vietnam, Korea, Indonesia, and Japan.The questionnaire, which was administered informally and contained 8 questions, was do up of three sections demographic information, the type and the frequency of cultural activities. Specifically, 4 questions were developed to record general information one question was about which cultural activities students participated in the other 3 items asked about how often students participated in cultural activities per year, involving all cultural activities, going to the library and cinema.The survey was conducted by several groups individually group consisted of 2-3 students. These groups respectively entered different classes to collect data using questionnaires. After collecting this, the data was shared by all groups.Data from questionnaires were then collated and reborn to percentages. The results were compared according to gender, education and frequency in graphs.

Overview Of Chicago Blues Music Essay

Overview Of Chicago Blues Music EssayChicago vapours is a form of blue music that developed in Chicago, Illinois. It is also referred to as urban color or electric discolor What Is the Blues, n.d.. Chicago color replaced acoustic instruments with amplified versions and the basic guitar/harmonica duo of Delta discolor turned into a full band with amplified guitar, amplified bass guitar, drums, piano, and sometimes saxophone and trumpet (Gordon, n.d.). What we consider to be the classic Chicago blues sound today developed during the 1940s and 50s (Gordon, n.d.). The twelve-bar form, variations on the blues chord progression, and emotive lyrical content remain relatively unchanged today (What Is the Blues, n.d.). Chicago blues was strongly influenced by sense, rhythm and blues, and rock music (Gordon, n.d.).A lot influenced Chicago blues. The earliest geographic origins of the blues are uncertain, given the multiple versions appearing across the African American mho near the tu rn of the century. In Chicago, the emergence of blues culture in the 1920s coincided with increased musical performance and recording nationwide and paralleled the dramatic growth of black urban enclaves during the Great Migration (Green, Keil, and Palmer, n.d.). The Great Migration that lasted from 1910 to 1970, where Afro-American workers moved from the South to the industrial cities of the North (Hahn et. al., 2009). During World War II, more and more African-Americans migrated to northern states bid St. Louis, Detroit, and Chicago to find jobs and better opportunities for their families (Gordon, n.d.). After World War II, musicians head start using electrified instruments, Chicago was the first to use these (What Is the Blues, n.d.). In the 1940s, some blues musicians started using the saxophone, but the preference was for amplified harmonicas, especially in Chicago (What Is the Blues,Blues 3n.d.). The Chicago blues sounded more full-bodied than its country cousin, the music pulling from broader musical possibilities, reaching beyond the standard six-note blues scale to incorporate major(ip) scale notes (Gordon, n.d.). The west side Chicago blues sound was characterized by a more fluid, jazz-influenced style of guitar playing and a full-blown horn section, magical spell the south side blues sound was often more raw and raucous (Gordon, n.d.).In the 1950s Chicago was a prime center of blues recording (What Is the Blues, n.d.). There were a certain number of record labels that specialized in Chicago blues. The most famous being Chess Records, which produced Checker Records, a subsidiary (Gordon, n.d.). Chess Records was founded in 1950 by the brothers Phil and Leonard Chess (Gordon, n.d.). The oldest independent record label in the United States is Delmark Records, which was formed by Bob Koester in 1953 as Delmar and specializes in jazz and blues music (Gordon, n.d.). The top blues music label today is considered Alligator Records, launched by Bruce Igl auer in 1971, and still discovers and supports new giving in the blues and blues-rock genres (Gordon, n.d.). After the war, a big part of blues popularization were black-appeal disc jockeys, such as Al Benson and Big Bill Hill, who do sure that records released by Chess and other labels received public exposure (Green, n.d.).A number of blues musicians were among the people who migrated to Chicago. The most famous, and the first virtuoso, of the bottleneck/ microscope slide guitarists was Houston Tampa Red Woodbridge, who arrived in Chicago, from Florida, in 1925 and was one of the first black instrumentalists to make a recording. Unlike other grey bluesmen, whose playing was modal and in small fry keys, Tampa Reds shimmering, clean style was influenced by ragtime and jug bands (Scaruffi, 2007). Big Bill Broonzy, also cognize as the star ofBlues 4Chicago, arrived in 1928, was known also among discolour audiences as far as New York (Scaruffi, 2007). Lizzie Memphis Minnie Dougla s, a female guitarist, arrived in Chicago in 1933 (Scaruffi, 2007). Tampa Red, Big Bill Broonzy, and Memphis Minnie were among the first times of Chicago blues artists, and they paved the way for newcomers like Muddy Waters, Little Walter, and B.B. King (Gordon, n.d.). The distinctive sound of these artists restructured popular music, providing fundamental elements for subsequent genres like soul and rock and roll (Green, n.d.).During the 1970s, new blues musicians were coming out and there were many styles of Chicago Urban Blues (Chicago Blues Foundation, 1996). During the 1940s, famous clubs such as Silvios, Gatewoods Tavern, the Flame Club, and the 708 opened up on the South Side and the West Side, serving as community centers for arriving migrants (Green, n.d.). In the late 1970s and early 1980s, supremacy of the clubs began to pass from the original neighborhood owners or management to other interests and some of the Chicago Urban Blues legends began to pass away, and a rich part of blues history passed too (Chicago Blues Foundation, 1996). Old clubs have been joined by new businesses serving the tourist industry and predominantly white fans of blues (Green, n.d.). In 1975, Chess went out of business, by which time most older clubs were closing down (Green, n.d.). In 1984 Chicago inaugurated an annual blues festival (Green, n.d.).Blues is an African-American music that transverses a wide range of emotions and musical styles. Feeling blue is expressed in songs whose verses lament injustice or express longing for a better life, and lost loves, jobs, and money. But blues is also a raucous danceBlues 5music that celebrates pleasure and success. Central to the idea of blues performance is the concept that, by performing or listening to the blues, one is able to overcome sadness and lose the blues (What Is the Blues, n.d.).For the performance part of my project, I went to Warmdaddys in Philadelphia on April 8th, 2011 to see Brass Heaven featuring Jeff Bradsha w. They definitely were not playing dinner time music. The instruments they used included an amplified bass, an electric guitar, trombones, the flugelhorn, a trumpet, a saxophone, drums, bongos, a cow bell, and chimes. They used all the instruments used in Chicago blues, except for the piano and they had a few extra instruments. I felt like it had a little Afro-Cuban mixed in with the congos, cow bell, and chimes. Parts had a little bit of a Latin looking. They had a marching band feel to them and even came off stage and went marching around all the tables. The loud trombone made it sound like a high school marching band. The white guy playing the saxophone was really good. I had never heard anyone play the trombone like that. They did a lot of solos. They had fast tempos that made you want to masturbate up and dance.The atmosphere was a very welcoming and relaxed. The food was amazing. They had real southern cuisine. It was a new experience for me. It truly was a real southern rh ythm and blues experience. I had a lot of fun and would definitely go back.

Principles of Information Security

Principles of study SecurityPurposeIn order to nurse against accidental or intentional damage or loss of selective information, interruption of College business, or the compromise of surreptitious knowledge we moldiness classify data and establish minimum standards and guidelines to ensure a secure system.Effective from 02/02/17ScopeThis form _or_ system of government essentialiness be applied to all of the following students, faculty, round, contractors, consultants, temporary employees, guests, volunteers and all other entities or individuals with ingress to confidential information through the juvenile College of commercial enterprise and Science its affiliates/partners.Responsible PartyDatabase Department entropy Technology Support DepartmentTerms of ReferenceAccess Any personal inspection or review of the confidential information or a copy of the confidential information, or an oral or written account of such information.Confidential Information Information identif ied by the applicable laws, regulations or policies as personal information, individually identifiable health information, education records, personally identifiable information, non-public personal data, confidential personal information, or sensitive scientific or sponsored project information.Data Information generated in official College business. Information that is personal to the operator of a system. apocalypse To permit access to or release, transfer, distri entirelye, or otherwise communicate any part of information by any gist mishap A perchance reportable episode that may incorporate, however is not restricted to, the accompanying Attempts to increase unapproved access to frameworks or information Undesirable disturbances or Denial od Service An infection spreading Burglary, abuse or loss of electronic gear containing private data. Unapproved utilization of frameworks for handling or information gathering An daub or unit after partt dispose of confidential of pap er information in a proper manner. Unapproved changes to framework equipment, firmware and programming.Policy Statement The Modern College of Business and Science must aim towards making a safe environment for all in terms of data confidentiality and personnel. Information Security professionals must employ techniques which base prevent any threat from exploiting any vulnerability as much as possible. Threats could target privacy, re fixation and intellectual property along with lots of other data.Data Classification In order for the insurance to be entirely effective and be able to know which data protect the data must be classified into 3 categoriesCategory 1 Data that give the bounce be freely distributed to the public.Category 2- Internal data entirely not meant for outsiders.Category 3- Sensitive internal only data that could assume operations if disclosed to public.Category 4- Highly sensitive internal data that could put an organization at financial or legal seek if dis closed to public.Security Prevention Measures Security prevention measures ensure auspices and prove harbor for the business and also the customers. Prevention measure could consist of many things.Existing Security Measures.Access control which ensure only allowed users granted permission to access the database may do so. This applies to accessing, falsifying and viewing the data.Frequent SQL input validation tests are conducted in order to ensure no unauthorized users nookie access the database. trine separate cloud based servers are available, two of which are for back up purposes this ensures the availability of the data in the case of the intrusion on iodine of the servers. all(prenominal) servers are backed up daily.Database auditing is frequently conducted.Database log files are frequently checked to observe in case of any malicious activity. entirely database security is managed by a third party in order to ensure maximum security.In order to avoid Denial of Service (DO S) attacks which could affect the availability the web applications are put on different servers.Role-Based Control is used in order to make sure employees can only cogitate content from the database that they are authenticated and authorized to.Discretionary access control is only permitted to the database department as no other faculty or staff needs access or is permitted to access.Flaws which need reviewed battle cry policy is not implemented strictly to students which can result in the compromising of an account.Solution Password Policy mustiness be applicable to all at that placefore, database department must make it mandatory.No honeypotting is available.Solution The necessary equipment and software should be purchased for this to be done. This go out help the College avoid attacks in the case of SQL injection or any other database attack.No digital certificates are utilised when messages are sent across the website.Solution Create system to have to send digital certifi cate/signature tune to ensure a better level of security.No certified security professionals are currently employed.Solution Raise issue to Human Resources as a matter of concern and seek the hiring of a professional or cogwheel existing staff.Lack of awareness among staff and faculty regarding security in general.Solution Conduct training for faculty and stuff on how to spot raw material threat and potential intrusions etc.*After these flaws are fixed, policy MUST be reviewed and updated.iii) Added PoliciesConduct penetration testing frequently and Risk Assesment, report must be generated, reviewed by Chief Information Security Officer (CISO). Vulnerabilities must be fixed.In the case of an incident CISO must be informed to resume necessary action. Any employee failing to do so shall face disciplinary action.Database MUST use views rather than tables no ensure security, all entries must be predefined queries.Database remote access and other distance access must not be enabled by blocking ports such as the telnet port, FTP and others.Database password MUST be updated ever fortnight to ensure security of the password.Password strength policy must be implemented for the database ( min 8 characters, capital small, numerical, special characters).Back Ups must also be done offsite and not only on the cloud.Backing up data of Category 3 4 as mentioned above must also be done on a certain specially encrypted drive and separate from normal back ups.Group ResponsibilitiesAll the members of the College are responsible some extent of the security of their own data and other things. Below is what each group of individuals is responsible for.A. Custodians are responsible for1. Information Security Procedures Establishment2. Managing authorizations3. Recordkeeping.4. hazard handling and reportingB. Users are responsible for1. Abiding the College IT policy2. Physical security3. Information storage4. Information spreading and sending5. Method of disposal of info and devices6. Passwords7. Computer security8. Remote access9. Logging off10. Virus and malicious code protection11. Backups12. Incident handling and reportingC. Managers are responsible for1. All what users are responsible for2. All that the custodians are responsible for3. Sharing responsibility for information security with the employees they wield4. Establishing information security procedures5. Managing authorizations6. User training and awareness7. Physical security8. Incident handling and reportingD. Information Service Providers are responsible for1. much extensive information security requirements than individuals2. Establishing information security procedures3. Physical security4. Computer security5. Network security6. Access controls7. Passwords8. Contingency planning9. Incident handling and reporting Administrative ResponsibilitiesA. The CISO should always be monitoring the colleges database security system to ensure no flaws or loopholes and should propose tools or mit igation strategies. S/He must do the following1. Creating, reviewing, and revising policies, procedures, standards.2. Ensuring security training and awareness.3. Overall authority for College networks and systems security.4. Incident handling, remediation, and reporting.5. Collaborating with the Office of Internal Audit to ensure policy conformance.Enforcement Implementation The required actions mentioned in the policies and rules must be carried out from the effective mentioned above, those who fail to comply and follow this policy shall face disciplinary action. This policy must be strictly implemented.Principles of Information SecurityPrinciples of Information SecurityMan in the Middle and Man in the Browser Attacks on Financial Institutions. hornswoggleFour decades ago, what started as a US military research initiative to build network for linking US universities and research centers is now the Internet. Today it has expanded to e rattling corner of the globe (Privgcca, 2016) . The number of Internet users has risen from few computer scientists to 3.17 billion users. It has helped in reducing costs of dialogue as one can easily be in touch and communicate with each other with the help of chatting, email applications and online transactions/payments (Friedman, 2014). It has also helped organizations to offer better customer service, overcome fall of paper work, increase productivity, and enable customers to perform enquiry and transactions anytime and from anywhere. This paper will be emphasising on the importance of online fixing/transaction security. entreBanking organizations have been developing for years in a broad scope and have started to replace more traditional banking techniques in certain fields such as processing cheques, making transactions and money transfers to online, therefore payment systems are constantly undergoing radical changes. More security measures are present but the users of these systems must also be allowed decent compat ibility. Due to the amount of modern day threats these banks have also been facing a vast amount of risk of exposure and vulnerability exploitations, banks are usually very concerned about two kind of attacks, man in the middle attack (MITM) and man in the web web browser attack (MITB). As a result, financial institutions must ensure to provide effective authentication techniques. These two attacks (MITM and MITB) will be the main concentration and the focus of the analysis will on these attacks as well.The Two Common Attacks. The Man in The Middle and Man the Browser are the very predominant attacks in the finance industry. The difficult part is identifying each type of attack and taking precautionary measures from either attack. MITM occurs when a hacker can see and modify the communication between the client and the bank, it makes both parties believe they are directly communicating with each other to deceive but there is usually an attacker eavesdropping. Therefore, this is ve ry communal on unsecured and unprotected networks. On the other hand, MITB uses malware to infect a web browser. This is done by the malware exploiting vulnerabilities in the browser security which enables them to modify and manipulate the page.Getting Technical, MITB vs. MITMOne of the few important differences between these two attacks is that MITM attacks operate at the network layer whereas MITB operate on the application there, in this case on the web browser. Although MITM attacks remain popular attackers prefer MITB as banks may use sessions IDs to identify MITM attacks. Using session IDs banks can determine whether there has been malicious activity during a transaction and notice the fraudulent attempt and consequently cancel it. By giving the customers device a unique ID, the bank can then use algorithms to analyze and link the multiple user sessions from where they typically perform their banking (Eisen, 2012). MITB attacks are a lot more deceitful, they completely carry control over the users website and control the browser while the user thinks everything is normal. The attackers in this scenario alter web views and account balance without the users knowledge. Once the user logs in they can also redirect any sensitive traffic to an attackers system, while keeping the original SSL/TLS protections intact (Trusteer, 2013).MITBPeople are very commonly exposed to the risk of these attacks due to the browser security problems in the case of MITB browser extensions are frequently the malware which allows the attacker to exploit the vulnerability. Browser extensions are frequently portrayed as useful software which enhance user experience but is malicious software or code. This is known as a Trojan. Browser extensions may be plugins, Browser Helper Objects (BHO), JavaScript and add-on features.The functionality of BHOs is usually to provide add functionality to a browser these could be written by the attacker with programming experience. The problem with BHOs is that they can hide from antivrus this makes them undetectable. In a MITMB attack these are used to change a site, add fields, remove fields. They also can add registries to the system and warhead at booting (Utakrit, 2009).Grease Monkey is a popular add on for chrome which can allow a user to change the appearance of a website or eliminate ads. This JavaScript is not malicious but it uses the same methodology as the malicious JavaScript applets. The danger of add-ons is that they can easily monitor and retrieve the users information at any time.SSL has been thought of as a solution by some security experts for MITB attacks but even this control has been proven to be ineffective. The moderateness for this is that the attacker injects or gives the user a Trojan which carries out malicious activities directly inside the browser. Therefore, no suspicious activity is detected.MITMMITM are less common as security professionals have wise to(p) ways to mitigate the attacks that use this method. It is also widely known as session hijacking. In this case, the attacker usually seeks vulnerable hotspots or networks. The attacker would usually direct the victim to a fake login page of a website (perhaps a phished paged) and then get the credentials as soon as they are authenticated. The attacker could then simply access the account and withdraw money or make transactions. Security measures such as the OTP are not effective as defense against this attack as the attacker could fraudulently capture the temporary password and forward it on the adit in the 30 60 seconds provided. In this attack the main issue is that the user has no way of being sure or verifying who is enquire for information. As a result, two step verification is also considered vulnerable.Protective measures.The security triad which is an important principle to security experts evolves around three elements. C- Confidentiality, this means do not allow unauthorized individuals to access or see data or systems. A- Availability, which means ensure the system/data is available when needed. I- Integrity, if data or a system or in this case a transaction it loses its integrity which means it has been manipulated with. In the case of transactions, Integrity is a very important principle. Banks and financial institutions need to always ensure the integrity is maintained. By doing so, we need to implement controls, also known as countermeasures.User Protection Strategies and Controls MITBIn order to minimize these attacks the knowledge has to be known on either side of the equation, the users should be aware as well as the bank. Users can gather up precaution by installing anti virus, although not entirely effective it does depend on the detection capability and reduces the chances. Secondly, use a hardened browser in a USB drive, this will provide moderate protection. Thirdly, only do online banking with banks who are aware of these kinds of threats and implement countermeasure . Ultimately there is risk in every procedure, unless you are will to completely not use online banking there will always be risks and threats.MITM Mitigation for Banks. MITBAs previously mentioned, attackers have also learned how to compromise two step authentication as well the same also applies to captcha and others. The malware can simply wait till the user has authenticated himself. It can also intercept and modify response when using SSL or encryption. Moderate protection could be offered by the bank itself providing clients with Hardened Browsers on USBs containing cryptographic yen tokens for authentication. The hardened browsers are harder to infect. Similarly, OTP token with signature would be effective, the user would have to re-enter the transaction details to the OTP device and then it could generate a signature based on that in that way it would not match if the MITB alters the request, this is also rather inconvenient. Fraud detection based on transaction type and am ount is also sometimes effective, in the case of an abnormal transactions some banks call the client to check if it is genuine or not. User profiling could also be used.MITM

The Extraction And Purification Of Paracetamol Essay

The Extraction And Purification Of Paracetamol EssayAnalysing the Quantity and Purity of Paracetamol Present in Different Formulations of the Commercial MedicineAimThe aim of this investigating was to stipulate the ploughshare by potbelly of sublimate paracetamol in formulations of branded paracetamol in 500mg add-ints. Two techniques were used so as to determine this-Extraction and purification of lodgingss by filtration and recryst allisation. -Hydrolysis of the drug chthonic reflux followed by titration against ammonium ion atomic number 58 sulphate.In addition to this, the purity of the paracetamol was investigated by determination of melting chief of the respective brands of paracetamol.Findings employ the extraction and purification purpose it was ensnare that Tesco had the greatest destiny by skunk of the active cistron, paracetamol, at 46.8%. Morrisons tablet destiny by portion was 44.6% eyepatch Superdrug had a percentage by wad of 37.8%. using the refl ux and titration procedure it was found that Superdrug had the greatest percentage by mass of the active ing tearingient, paracetamol at 20.0%. The Tesco percentage by mass was 19.6% man Morissons was 18.5%.The melting institutionalise procedure concluded that all three unc breakh strains had similar purity of paracetamol with melting point at 156oC. The melting point of the Morrisons recrystallised paracetamol was 168oC, Superdrug had a melting point of 165oC while Tesco had a melting point of 164oC. This shows that Morrisons had the highest purity of pure paracetamol followed by Superdrug and accordinglyce Tesco.Underlying ChemistryHistory and UsesParacetamol (C8H9NO2) (or acetaminophen) is the most(prenominal) common over the counter painkiller in the world. It was discovered in 1852 by Charles Fredric Gerhardt who later went on to discover aspirin. The drug is so popular payable to the few side effects it has on the body and does not irritate the stomach like other ordin arily used drugs such as aspirin. The construction is as shownParacetamol is used for relief of headaches, fever, menstrual pain, back pain, toothache and other general pain however it is ineffective against muscle pain as it possesses no anti-inflammatory properties. Non-opioid analgesics work by inhibiting an enzyme known as cyclooxygenase (COX). COX is a catalyst for the conversion of a fatty acid contained in cellphone wallsarachidonic acidto substances known as prostaglandins. (tuftsjournal.tufts.edu.) Prostaglandins have many functions including the induction of pain. By reducing the production of prostaglandins the pain is relieved. Paracetamol does not affect the cause of the pain still rather combats the biochemical pathway which results in the feeling of pain.Prostaglandins also affect the hypothalamus in the brain, the centre which is responsible for the maintenance of our bodies internal environment despite changes to the impertinent environment, i.e. homeostasis. Th e prostaglandins cause the body to raise its temperature, and hence by taking paracetamol the body temperature is lowered. Paracetamol is therefore classed as antipyretic as it lowers the body temperature. Due to these properties the drug is commonly used to combat flu and cold symptoms. The range of pain combatted by paracetamol alongside the fact that it has very few side effects has resulted in it universe the most commonly used painkiller.Paracetamol is also popular because of the rate at which pain subsides from its use due to the rapid uptake in the body. Absorption speedily and almost completely absorbed from the G.I. tract. Peak plasma concentrations are r apieceed in 10-60 minutes.(labmed.yale.edu)MethodologyTwo techniques were used in the determination of the mass of active ingredient testify in the tablets. The first was the extraction and purification of paracetamol from tablets. The second was an acid catalysed hydrolysis under reflux followed by titrations against a mmonium atomic number 58 sulphate.The use of the melting point allowed the purity of the paracetamol to be determined.The extraction and purification of paracetamolThis procedure extracted paracetamol from the tablets by crystallisation. The paracetamol tablets were crushed and dissolved in propanone at a raised temperature this decreased the quantify required for the paracetamol to dissolve. The binding agents and fillers in the tablet are water- indissoluble in propanone however the paracetamol is soluble. This results in the paracetamol forming a source in the propanone while the other components of the tablet are left as insoluble residue. The solution was diffuseed to remove the residue. The filtrate was left to evaporate forming crystals of paracetamol.These crystals were then dissolved in luscious water and then filtered through cotton wool to remove any binding agents left. This filtrate was left in the fridge and shards of paracetamol create. This relies on the fact t hat paracetamol has a high solubility in hot water but a low one in cold water. This allows shards of paracetamol to form. The soluble impurities are only represent to the level of a few percent and so never r each(prenominal) their limit of solubility and thus stay in solution. (Ellis, 2002)The pure recrystallised paracetamol was then desiccated and its mass measured. The percentage by mass was then calculated.Reflux and titrationsThis procedure required the paracetamol to be boiled under reflux for one hour with sulfuric acid. This acid catalysed hydrolysis broke down the paracetamol (an amide) into an amine (4-aminophenol) and a carboxylic acid (ethanoic acid.) The raised temperature was used so as thermally accelerate the reaction. The reaction is shown to a lower place(Overall reaction)This reaction mechanism may be found in the app annihilateix.The use of reflux machine ensured that the reaction vessel never boiled dry. This is because any evaporation formed from heating in the reaction vessel was turned back into a liquid by condensation. The benefit of using a heating mantle was that it ensured that a constant temperature, heating the round bottomed flask over a greater surface area.This procedure produced 4-aminophenol. This has a hydroxyl group on carbon 1 and an amine group on the carbon 1. Since the nitrogen is attached to only one carbon it is a primary amine. The 4-aminophenol tramp then be oxidised using ammonium cerium sulphate, involving the loss of hydrogen from the 4-aminophenol using ferroin as an indicator. This produced iminoquinone. Only after all the 4-aminophenol has been oxidised will the cerium (IV) reagent oxidise the ferroin indicator from Fe2+ to Fe3+ (ferriin). (Ellis, 2002) This resulted in the colourize change from red to discolour, as the red ferroin is oxidised to ferriin which is blue. This is shown in the diagram below When mixed with the ammonium cerium sulphate this produced a yellow colour which indicated the en d point of the titration.A titration was also carried out without the test material being present and the difference mingled with the values with the test species present and absent accounted for the mass of paracetamol present. The difference in intensity levels of titre required for the colour change is directly proportional to the mass of paracetamol present in the tablet (0.007560g per 1cm3 equivalent titre.)Melting PointBy measuring the melting points of the given formulations, the purity of the paracetamol was able to be determined. Melting point apparatus worked by heating the species in a capillary tube which itself was inserted into a heating block. By looking through a lens at the species, the piece at which the species melted could be seen and then at this moment the reading on the thermometer could be viewed.When a substance is heated, there is an increase in southward as the species is thermally excited. If enough energy is site into the substance, it results in a change of state, in this case solid to liquid.The three brands of paracetamol melting points were measured for the tablet, the unwashed and the recrystallised samples. Pure paracetamol is a white crystalline solid which melts at 169-171oC. (Ellis 2002).The impurities in the samples lower the melting points. The sample which was closest to the given melting point represents the purest sample of paracetamol.ProceduresThe Extraction and Purification of Paracetamol ravish note this experiment was carried out twice for each brand and an average taken. This was then duplicated so as to improve the reliability. (This is shown in results as the replicate.)Paracetamol was extracted from three brands of paracetamol Morrisons, Superdrug and Tesco. These procedures represent the procedure used for each brand.Two tablets were weighed using a balance (accurate to 2 D.P.) then crushed using a mortar and pestle. The ground tablets were displace in a beaker. 50cm3 of propanone was measured using a pipette. The propanone was used to rinse the mortar and pestle in front adding it to the beaker. The beaker was left on a brisk stir at a low heat until the tablet was dissolved as far as possible. The insoluble material was the binding agents and fillers. signly 20cm3 of propanone was used however it was found that the tablets did not dissolve fully.A Buchner Funnel was set up as shown (see left.)The insoluble material (binding agents and fillers) collects in the filter paper.The filtrate (propanone and paracetamol) is collected in the filtering flask.A little propanone was run through the filter paper so as to create a seal between the filter paper and the base as shown on the above diagram. This observeed the insoluble material from passing through the holes in the funnel. The content of the beaker was passed through the funnel and a little propanone was used to rinse the beaker. The filtrate was left in an evaporating catchment basin overnight in an oven. This formed gross (a) paracetamol crystals. The mass of the crystals was taken.The crystals were placed in a beaker and 20cm3 of hot water was added. The beaker was heated on a brisk stir until the paracetamol had dissolved. This was passed through a warm up wet piece of cotton wool in a warmed glass funnel. This was to prevent the paracetamol from recrystallising in the cotton during filtration. The filtrate was passed directly into a basin. The basin was placed in the fridge overnight to cool and to allow the crystals to form. These crystals were white.The recrystallised paracetamol in water was passed through a piece of fluted filter paper to collect the crystals. (initially the paracetamol was filtered out of the water using a sintered glass melting pot however this produced a lower yield as crystals were lost when using this technique. See table 22.) The filter paper and crystals were placed in an oven at room temperature overnight to allow the crystals to dry. These crystals were white. The dr y mass of the crystals was measured. This procedure was replicated for each brand of paracetamol.Reflux and titrationsPlease note that this procedure was carried out once for each brand of paracetamol. This was then duplicated so as to improve the reliability. (This is shown in the results as the replicate.)The first stage of this procedure involved the acid hydrolysis of paracetamol15cm3 of 2 molar solution of sulphuric acid and 25cm3 of water were measured using a pipette and placed in a 100ml round bottomed flask. To this 0.30g of crushed (using mortar and pestle) paracetamol tablet was added, having measured the paracetamol using a balance (accurate to 2 D.P.) This was swirled and warmed until the tablet was dissolved. This was then boiled under reflux for one hour in a heating mantle as shown belowThe paracetamol and sulphuric acid were placed nn the round bottomed flask.The solution turned from colourless to a light golden colour. The solution was cooled and 100cm3 of water wa s added.20cm3 of the resulting solution was pipetted into a conical flask with 15cm3 of 2 molar Hydrochloric acid, 40cm3 of water and scarcely 8 drops of ferroin indicator. This was then titrated against 0.1 molar solution of ammonium cerium sulphate until colour changed from a pink/peach colour to a cloudy yellow colour. (The colour change was not very obvious during this procedure. Therefore previous titration colours were kept beside the species to try to standardize the colour at which the end point of the titration was determined.) The titrations were repeated until two results were within 0.1cm3 of each other i.e. until two concordant results were obtained. The apparatus is as shown overleafThe burette was filled with the yellow ammonium cerium sulphate solution and the conical flask contained the paracetamol acid mixture.This procedure was also repeated without the test material present.Melting PointDuring this procedure, the melting points of the recrystallised, crude and unchanged tablet forms of paracetamol were investigated.The sample of species was crushed into a powder using a mortar and pestle. Capillary tubes (1mm diameter, 10cm long) were sealed at one end using a Bunsen burner. This provided a place to hold the paracetamol when using the melting point apparatus. The capillary tube was placed turned open-side-down and pressed onto the paracetamol formulations. Then the closed end of the capillary tubes was gently tapped on the table to allow the paracetamol to fall to the closed end. This was then placed open-side-up into the metal heating block alongside a thermometer. The temperature was behind change magnitude using the thermostat on the melting point apparatus while the paracetamol was viewed through the magnifying glass on the apparatus. The point at which the paracetamol melted was then recorded.ResultsinitialExtraction and purificationThe crystals of the crude and recrystallised paracetamol were both white. The crude crystals were p rismatic shaped while the recrystallised paracetamol formed long shards.mesa 1 shows the mass of crude paracetamol from each tablet prorogue 1BrandMass (g)Sample 1Sample 2 bonnyTesco0.941.000.97Morrisons1.011.001.01Superdrug0.970.920.95Table 2 shows the mass of recrystallised paracetamol from each tabletTable 2BrandMass (g)Sample 1Sample 2AverageTesco0.580.490.54Morrisons0.440.490.47Superdrug0.360.480.42Table 3 shows the percentage by mass of crude paracetamol compared to the mass of two tablets (1.10g)Table 3BrandPercentage of Crude Paracetamol (%)Tesco88.2Morrisons91.8Superdrug86.4(Calculations may be found in the appendix)Table 4 shows the mass of recrystallised paracetamol compared to the respective mass of two tablets (1.10g)Table 4BrandPercentage of pure Paracetamol (%)Tesco49.1Morrisons42.7Superdrug38.2(Calculations may be found in the appendix)Reflux and titrationsTable 5 shows the volume of ammonium Cerium sulphate required for the colour change from red to yellow to choke without the test species present (paracetamol)Table 5Titration sign titre(cm3) concluding Titre(cm3)Volume of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate needed for the colour change (cm3) bouldered0.00.50.5First0.51.00.5 import1.01.50.5Average Titre = (0.5+0.5)/2 = 0.5cm3Table 6 shows the volume of Ammonium Cerium sulphate required for the colour change from red to yellow to occur using Tesco paracetamolTable 6TitrationInitial Titre(cm3)Final Titre(cm3)Volume of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate needed for the colour change (cm3)Rough0.08.68.6First8.615.87.2Second15.823.17.3Average volume = (7.2+7.3)/2 = 7.25cm3Amended titre = 7.25-0.5 = 6.75cm3As 1 cm3 of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate = 0.007560g of Paracetamol6.75 x 0.007560 = 0.05103gSo, if 0.3g of tablet 0.05103g of pure ParacetamolThen, 0.55g of tablet 0.093555g of pure ParacetamolPercentage by mass (0.093555/0.55) x 100 =17.0%Table 7 shows the volume of Ammonium Cerium sulphate required for the colour change from red to yellow to occur using Morrisons paracetamolTable 7TitrationInitial Titre(cm3)Final Titre(cm3)Volume of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate needed for the colour change (cm3)Rough0.07.47.4First7.414.47.0Second14.421.57.1Average volume = (7.0+7.1)/2 = 7.05cm3Amended titre = 7.05-0.5 = 6.55cm3As 1 cm3 of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate = 0.007560g of Paracetamol6.55 x 0.007560 = 0.049518gSo, if 0.3g of tablet 0.049518g of pure ParacetamolThen, 0.55g of tablet 0.090783g of pure ParacetamolPercentage by mass (0.090783/0.55) x 100 =16.5%Table 8 shows the volume of Ammonium Cerium sulphate required for the colour change from red to yellow to occur using Superdrug paracetamolTable 8TitrationInitial Titre(cm3)Final Titre(cm3)Volume of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate needed for the colour change (cm3)Rough0.09.79.7First9.718.68.9Second18.827.89.0Average volume = (8.9+9.0)/2 = 8.95cm3Amended titre = 8.95-0.5 = 8.45cm3As 1 cm3 of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate = 0.007560g of Paracetamol8.45 x 0.007560 = 0.063882gSo, if 0.3g of tablet 0.063882g of pure ParacetamolThen, 0.55g of tablet 0.117117g of pure ParacetamolPercentage by mass (0.117117/0.55) x 100 =21.3%Table 9 shows the melting points of the paracetamolTable 9BrandMelting Point (0C)Tablet SampleCrude SampleRecrystallised SampleTesco140155163Morrisons145157167Superdrug139159164 retroflexExtraction and purificationThe crystals of the crude and recrystallised paracetamol were both white. The crude crystals were prismatic shaped while the recrystallised paracetamol formed long shards.Table 10 shows the mass of crude paracetamol from each tabletTable 10BrandMass (g)Sample 1Sample 2AverageTesco1.000.980.99Morrisons1.001.041.02Superdrug1.010.970.99Table 11 shows the mass of recrystallised paracetamol from each tabletTable 11BrandMass (g)Sample 1Sample 2AverageTesco0.510.460.49Morrisons0.530.490.51Superdrug0.400.420.41Table 12 shows the percentage by mass of crude paracetamol compared to the mass of two tablets (1.10g)Table 12BrandPercentage of crude Parac etamol (%)Tesco90.0Morrisons92.7Superdrug90.0(Calculations may be found in the appendix)Table 13 shows the mass of recrystallised paracetamol compared to the mass of two tablets (1.10g)Table 13BrandPercentage of pure Paracetamol (%)Tesco44.5Morrisons46.4Superdrug37.3(Calculations may be found in the appendix)Reflux and titrationsTable 14 shows the volume of Ammonium Cerium sulphate required for the colour change from red to yellow to occur without the test species present (paracetamol)Table 14TitrationInitial Titre(cm3)Final Titre(cm3)Volume of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate needed for the colour change (cm3)Rough0.00.50.5First0.51.10.6Second1.11.60.5Average volume = (0.5+0.6)/2 = 0.55 cm3Table 15 shows the volume of Ammonium Cerium sulphate required for the colour change from red to yellow to occur using Tesco paracetamolTable 15TitrationInitial Titre(cm3)Final Titre(cm3)Volume of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate needed for the colour change (cm3)Rough0.010.610.6First10.620.09.4Second2 0.029.39.3Average volume = (9.3+9.4)/2 = 9.35cm3Amended titre = 9.35-0.55 = 8.8cm3As 1 cm3 of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate = 0.007560g of Paracetamol8.8 x 0.007560 = 0.066528gSo, if 0.3g of tablet 0.066528g of pure ParacetamolThen, 0.55g of tablet 0.121968g of pure ParacetamolPercentage by mass (0.121968/0.55) x 100 =22.2%Table 16 shows the volume of Ammonium Cerium sulphate required for the colour change from red to yellow to occur using Morrisons paracetamolTable 16TitrationInitial Titre(cm3)Final Titre(cm3)Volume of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate needed for the colour change (cm3)Rough21.530.59.0First30.539.59.0Second39.547.68.1Third0.008.68.6Fourth8.617.38.7Average volume = (8.7+8.6)/2 = 8.65cm3Amended titre = 8.65-0.55 = 8.1cm3As 1 cm3 of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate = 0.007560g of Paracetamol8.1 x 0.007560 = 0.061236gSo, if 0.3g of tablet 0.061236g of pure ParacetamolThen, 0.55g of tablet 0.112266g of pure ParacetamolPercentage by mass (0.112266/0.55) x 100 =20.4%Table 17 sho ws the volume of Ammonium Cerium sulphate required for the colour change from red to yellow to occur using Superdrug paracetamolTable 17TitrationInitial Titre(cm3)Final Titre(cm3)Volume of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate needed for the colour change (cm3)Rough0.08.38.3First8.316.27.9Second16.224.28.0Average volume = (7.9+8.0)/2 = 7.95cm3Amended titre = 7.95-0.55 = 7.4cm3As 1 cm3 of ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate = 0.007560g of Paracetamol7.4 x 0.007560 = 0.055944gSo, if 0.3g of tablet 0.055944g of pure ParacetamolThen, 0.55g of tablet 0.102564g of pure ParacetamolPercentage by mass (0.102564/0.55) x 100 =18.6%Table 18 shows the melting points of the paracetamolTable 18BrandMelting Point (0C)Tablet SampleCrude SampleRecrystallised SampleTesco143156165Morrisons144155168Superdrug141153166Averages of Initial and replicateTable 19 shows percentage by mass of recrystallised paracetamolTable 19Percentage by mass%BrandInitial reduplicateAverageTesco49.144.546.8Morrrisons42.746.444.6Superdrug38 .237.337.8Table 20 shows percentage by mass of pure paracetamol determined from reflux and titrationsTable 20Percentage by mass %BrandInitialReplicateAverageTesco17.022.219.6Morrisons16.520.418.5Superdrug21.318.620.0Table 21 shows the melting point of paracetamol of crude and recrystallised paracetamolTable 21Melting point (oC)CrudeRecrystallisedBrandInitialReplicateAverageInitialReplicateAverageTesco155156156163165164Morrisons157155156167168168Superdrug159153156164166165Table 22 shows the results using a sintered glass crucible rather than filter paper during the filtration of Tesco recrystallised paracetamolTable 22Sample 1Sample 2Mass of crystals (g)0.310.12ConclusionsThe aim of this investigation was to determine the percentage by mass of pure paracetamol in formulations of branded paracetamol in 500mg tablets. Two techniques were employed so as to determine this-Extraction and purification of tablets by filtration and recrystallisation. -Hydrolysis of the drug under reflux foll owed by titration against ammonium cerium sulphate.In addition to this, the purity of the paracetamol was investigated by determination of melting point of the respective brands of paracetamol.The results of these procedures are discussed below.Extraction and purificationUsing this procedure it was found that Tesco had the greatest percentage by mass of the active ingredient, paracetamol, at 46.8%. Morrisons tablet percentage by mass was 44.6% while Superdrug had a percentage by mass of 37.8%.Reflux and TitrationsUsing this procedure it was found that Superdrug had the greatest percentage by mass of the active ingredient, paracetamol at 20.0%. The Tesco percentage by mass was 19.6% while Morissons was 18.5%.Results were various for each respective brand of paracetamol and different between the two procedures.Melting PointThe melting points of the crude paracetamol were all 156oC thus covering that all formulations of crude paracetamol had similar purity, and hence the first crysta llization of the paracetamol was carried out very accurately.The melting point of the Morrisons recrystallised paracetamol was 168oC which compared well with the given melting point of 169-171oC. Superdrug had a melting point of 165oC while Tesco had a melting point of 164oc. This shows that Morrisons had the highest purity of pure paracetamol followed by Superdrug and then Tesco.EvaluationEvaluation of proceduresControl of variablesDuring the filtration and recrystallising process two tablets were used in each sample and two samples were taken. This, alongside the duplication of results, gives 8 tablets which were used in the determination using this method and an average taken. This increased the reliability of the results.During the procedures the same balances, burettes, flasks and pipettes were used so as to reduce the effects of error in these measurements.When titrations were carried out, a rough titration was initially done so as to determine the equivalence point. This was followed by accurate titrations. When two concurrent values were within 0.1cm3, an average was taken between these two values. The average was used to determine the mass of pure paracetamol greatly increasing the reliability of the results.Since the end point of the titration was not very obvious, previous titrations were kept aside so as to appraise the intensity of yellow in the solution, so that all titrations had the same end point colour. This increased the reliability of the titrations.All equipment used was cleaned using propanone to prevent chemicals from previous experiments contaminating this investigation. In addition to this the burettes and pipettes were rinsed with the solutions, onward being filled with the same solution to prevent contamination.When using the balance, as far as possible, it was placed away from draughts and windows so as to prevent the wind causing error in the weighing of substances.Where possible, all reaction vessels and weighing receptacles wer e rinsed using a little of the liquid which would be used. This increased the yield of results, preventing the reactants being lost in the process.ModificationsInitially, when dissolving the paracetamol in propanone, the tablet was not crushed however it took an unreasonable time for the tablet to dissolve by the time it had dissolved most of the propanone had evaporatedThe volume of propanone was increased from 20cm3 to 50cm3 because more paracetamol dissolved. This allowed a greater percentage of the paracetamol to be extracted from the tablets. Consequentially it took longer for the crude paracetamol crystals to form.Initially a sintered glass crucible was used to filter the recrystallised paracetamol. This resulted in the paracetamol being lost, so filter paper was fluted and used instead. This resulted in a greater mass of recrystallised paracetamol being collected.When the paracetamol was being added to sulphuric acid, initially it was unheated and just swirled, however not a ll the paracetamol dissolved and hence, the sulphuric acid was warmed with the paracetamol to dissolve the crushed tablet before being boiled under reflux.When using the ammonium cerium (IV) sulphate, it was found that if left for any length of time greater than one hour the solute came out of solution, therefore, before pouring the solution into the burette, it was stirred vigorously using a magnetic stirrer to ensure the same concentration of solution was used in every titration. Because of this, the burette was only set up immediately before use.Evaluation of resultsBoth procedures resulted in significantly lower percentages than the mass of paracetamol in each tablet as stated on the box. The expected percentage by mass was expected to be 90.9%. This is calculated as shownMass of tablet 0.55g Mass of paracetamol (on box) 0.50g(0.5/0.55) x 100 = 90.9%Generally the replicate compared well with the initial experiment, with a maximum difference of 4.6% by mass for the first proced ure. For the second procedure there was a maximum difference of 5.2% by mass. This can be put down to errors in the equipment and human errors when carrying out procedures.The fact that both procedures indicated different formulations contained the most paracetamol, may be due to the fact that often paracetamol was taken from different blister packs, and hence from different batches, which may contain different masses of paracetamol. However human errors and errors in equipment are more likely to be to blame.It can also be broadly sai

The Definition of Success :: Definition Essays 2014

Success entails having a positive outlook and good work ethic to help you pursue your dreams and goals throughout your entire life. Success is achieving intellectual growth for your own personal enrichment. Success is making the best of the opportunities that are presented to us in range to do good things for ourselves and for those around us. Aarron Hedlock What is succeeder and how can you achieve it? Id like to to propose a new definition of success that isnt about landing a job its about believing that the job you will do is the job you should be doing. In other words, success must come from you, and the supportwhether from family, professors, or career counselorsis what will help you to get there.There are few difficult steps along the way, the showtime of which is to know thyself. You superpower not be visiting the oracle at Delphi, even though having your future told might be nice in an long time of endless options. As entrepreneur Bo Bennett explains Success is not wha t you have, but who you are.Who am I? Howd I get here? Okay, Descartes, relax. There are some modern day tools that will help you bypass the existential crisis. Many of these, from Strong Interest Inventory to the StrengthsFinder, can help you further perspective on all those hidden talents you may not have realized you had. What could be better?Are you The Inspirer? The Executive? The Scientist? Myers Briggs, also available at career Services can help you find out.Of course, everyone has a pretty good sense of what they are good at. But finding out more, you might gain a language for talking about your abilitiesand how that can translate into your own personal definition of success.But for anyone who has taken the SAT, you know theres merely so much multiple choice can say. The next step is getting to know you. Listen to your tendencies. Do you like risk or stableness? High energy tasks or a steady pace? Engaging with new people or working with a small, tight group?This streamli nes good into step two know thy options.Its like an exit on an airplane look for a job keeping in mind that it might be behind you.

Accounting Terms :: essays research papers

The following explanations of terms are presented to aid in understanding the narrative discussions and illustrations included in this text and the terminology generally employ in governmental accounting, auditing, financial reporting and budgeting. Because this glossary is reprinted from the Government Finance Associations Governmental Accounting and Financial Reporting, the terms and explanations have not been modified to devise specific Texas school district passings, etc. Synonyms for specific terms also may be presented in this appendix. In such instances, the abbreviation syn. is used forward the term.ACCOUNTABILITY. Being obliged to explain ones actions, to justify what one does. Accountability requires governments to answer to the citizenry-to justify the raising of public resources and the purposes for which they are used. Governmental accountability is based on the belief that the citizenry has a right to know, a right to receive openly declared facts that may lead to public debate by the citizens and their elect representatives. SGAC1ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES BOARD (APB). Authoritative private-sector standard-setting body that preceded the FASB. The APB issued guidance in the form of Opinions.ACCOUNTING STANDARDS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (AcSEC). An AICPA committee that is authorized to issue Practice Bulletins. A Practice Bulletin specifically targeted to state and local governments and cleared by the GASB would enjoy level 2 status on the hierarchy of authoritative sources of generally accepted accounting principles established by SAS No. 69, The Meaning of Present Fairly in Conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the Independent Auditors Report.ACCRUAL flat coat OF ACCOUNTING. A method of accounting that recognizes the financial effect of transactions, events, and interfund activities when they occur, regardless of the timing of related cash flows. ACQUISITION COSTS. Term used in connection with public-entity gamble pools. Costs that vary with and are primarily related to the acquisition of new and renewal contracts. Commissions and other costs (e.g., salaries of certain employees involved in the underwriting and policy issue functions, and inspection fees) that are primarily related to contracts issued or renewed during the period in which the costs are incurred are considered to be acquisition costs SGAS 10 ACTIVITY. A specific and distinguishable service performed by one or more organizational components of a government to accomplish a function for which the government is obligated (e.g., police is an activity within the public safety function).ACTUARIAL ACCRUED LIABILITY. Term used in connection with defined benefit pension plans. That portion, as determined by a particular actuarial cost method, of the actuarial present value of pension plan benefits and expenses which is not provided for by future linguistic rule costs.